state_getKeysPaged | Bifrost RPC Docs

Enumerate storage keys with pagination on Bifrost. Iterate over storage maps like accounts, validators, and assets efficiently with cursor-based pagination.

Returns storage keys matching a prefix with cursor-based pagination on Bifrost. This is the standard way to iterate over storage maps (like System.Account, Staking.Validators, or any pallet storage map) without loading all keys into memory at once.

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When to Use This Method

state_getKeysPaged is essential for liquid staking developers, DeFi builders, and teams requiring cross-chain yield solutions:

Storage Map Iteration -- Enumerate all entries in a storage map (accounts, balances, staking data) on Bifrost
Data Export and Indexing -- Bulk export on-chain state for analytics, indexers, and data pipelines for omnichain liquid staking (vDOT, vKSM, vGLMR, vMOVR, vASTR), cross-chain vToken governance, and DOT/ETH liquidity bridging
Account Enumeration -- List all accounts that have balances, staking positions, or other on-chain state
State Migration Tooling -- Iterate storage for runtime upgrades, audits, or cross-chain migration

import { ApiPromise, WsProvider } from '@polkadot/api';

async function enumerateAccounts(api, pageSize = 200) {
  const prefix = api.query.system.account.keyPrefix();
  const allKeys = [];
  let startKey;

  // Paginate through all account keys
  while (true) {
    const keys = await api.rpc.state.getKeysPaged(prefix, pageSize, startKey);
    if (keys.length === 0) break;
    allKeys.push(...keys);
    startKey = keys[keys.length - 1];
  }

  console.log(`Found ${allKeys.length} accounts`);

  // Fetch balances in batches using queryStorageAt
  const batchSize = 100;
  for (let i = 0; i < allKeys.length; i += batchSize) {
    const batch = allKeys.slice(i, i + batchSize);
    const results = await api.rpc.state.queryStorageAt(batch);

    results[0].changes.forEach(([key, value]) => {
      if (value) {
        const accountInfo = api.createType('AccountInfo', value);
        console.log(`  Free: ${accountInfo.data.free.toHuman()}`);
      }
    });
  }
}

2. Export Storage Map for Analysis

Export all entries of a specific storage map for offline analysis:

JavaScript

async function exportStorageMap(api, palletName, storageName) {
  const prefix = api.query[palletName][storageName].keyPrefix();
  const entries = [];
  let startKey;

  while (true) {
    const keys = await api.rpc.state.getKeysPaged(prefix, 500, startKey);
    if (keys.length === 0) break;

    const values = await api.rpc.state.queryStorageAt(keys);

    for (const [key, value] of values[0].changes) {
      entries.push({
        key: key.toHex(),
        value: value ? value.toHex() : null
      });
    }

    startKey = keys[keys.length - 1];
    console.log(`Exported ${entries.length} entries...`);
  }

  return entries;
}

// Export all System.Account entries
const accounts = await exportStorageMap(api, 'system', 'account');

3. Count Storage Items by Prefix

Get a count of entries in any storage map without fetching values:

JavaScript

async function countStorageKeys(api, prefix) {
  let count = 0;
  let startKey;

  while (true) {
    const keys = await api.rpc.state.getKeysPaged(prefix, 1000, startKey);
    if (keys.length === 0) break;
    count += keys.length;
    startKey = keys[keys.length - 1];
  }

  return count;
}

// Count total accounts
const accountPrefix = api.query.system.account.keyPrefix();
const totalAccounts = await countStorageKeys(api, accountPrefix);
console.log(`Total accounts on chain: ${totalAccounts}`);

Error Handling

Common errors and solutions:

Error Code	Description	Solution
-32603	Internal error	Verify the prefix is a valid hex string; reduce `count` if the request is too large
-32602	Invalid params	Ensure prefix and startKey are properly hex-encoded with `0x` prefix
-32005	Rate limit exceeded	Reduce page size or add delays between pagination requests
State pruned	Historical state unavailable	Use an archive node for queries at old block hashes
Timeout	Response too slow	Reduce `count` parameter (try 100 instead of 1000)

state_getStorage -- Get the value for a specific storage key
state_queryStorageAt -- Batch query multiple storage keys at once
state_call -- Call a runtime API function
state_getMetadata -- Get runtime metadata to determine storage key prefixes

state_getKeysPaged - Bifrost RPC Method

When to Use This Method

Code Examples

Common Use Cases

1. Enumerate All Accounts

2. Export Storage Map for Analysis

3. Count Storage Items by Prefix

Error Handling

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